Compass + map
Most mountain maps have a scale of 1:100,000.
1:100,000 means that 1 cm on the map corresponds to 1,000 meters in the terrain.
There are also maps that are 1:75,000 or 1:50,000.
You walk approximately 3 km/h
Elevation curves give you an image of what the terrain looks like, the denser the elevation curves, the steeper the terrain. Maps are perishable, always buy the most recently issued map before you go on a trip. Sometimes joints are pulled or can tear.